Abstract The whaling industry was a large-scale business that generated a variety of written documents. Its agents were highly mobile, operating in distant ports and unmapped regions and interacting with different natural spaces and cultural traditions. This paper examines the types of records and observations produced by this activity in the South Seas during the first part of the nineteenth century and the ways in which this information circulated, was organised and used among scientific and naval sectors. Focusing on pelagic exploitation and sailing, the aim is to demonstrate that information on exploitable resources and the discovery of islands and good anchorages circulated through wide networks made up of meeting and communication nodes such as ships, wharfs and commercial newspapers. From the analysis of different historical sources, some questions are reviewed in order to think about how the maritime culture of the whaling world helped to shape a global knowledge of the oceans.

Resumen La industria ballenera constituyó un negocio a gran escala que generó diversos documentos escritos. Sus agentes tuvieron una gran movilidad, operando en puertos distantes y regiones no mapeadas e interactuando con diferentes espacios naturales y tradiciones culturales. En este trabajo se examinan los tipos de registro y observaciones producidas por esta actividad en los mares del sur durante la primera parte del siglo XIX y las maneras en que esa información circuló, se organizó y fue utilizada entre sectores científicos y navales. Focalizando en la explotación pelágica y la navegación a vela se busca demostrar que la información sobre recursos explotables y descubrimiento de islas y buenos fondeaderos, circuló por amplias redes conformadas por nodos de encuentro y comunicación como los barcos, los muelles y los periódicos comerciales. A partir del análisis de diferentes fuentes históricas, se revisan algunas cuestiones para pensar de qué forma la cultura marítima del mundo ballenero ayudó a modelar un conocimiento global de los océanos.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar cómo la sostenibilidad (económica, social y ambiental), bajo el enfoque de triple línea base, afecta la calidad de servicio, el valor logístico y la satisfacción en empresas del sector marítimo. Se propone un modelo teórico que se contrasta con la información suministrada por una muestra de 50 responsables de empresas (transitarios, importadores y exportadores) en Panamá. La información se analiza mediante la estimación de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales, que permite confirmar el carácter multidimensional de la sostenibilidad y del valor logístico. Los resultados también confirman que las percepciones de los clientes sobre las iniciativas de sus proveedores, con base en este enfoque, poseen la capacidad de impulsar su satisfacción a través de la calidad y el valor; esto demuestra los beneficios de llevar a cabo tales iniciativas y, con ello, su alcance a nivel global. Clasificación: JEL: M31; M39; Q56.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze how sustainability (economic, social, and environmental), based on the triple bottom line framework, influences on service quality, logistic value, and satisfaction between companies in the maritime sector. A theoretical model that is contrasted with the information provided by 50 company managers (freight forwarders, importers, and exporters) from Panama was proposed. The data is analyzed using partial least squares regression, which confirms the multidimensionality of sustainability and logistic value. The results also verify that the perceptions of customers about initiatives of their suppliers, based on this framework, can lead to an increase in customer satisfaction through service quality and value. The findings demonstrate the advantages to carry out such initiatives, and thus their global reach.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como a sustentabilidade (econômica, social e ambiental), sob a abordagem da tripla linha de base, afeta a qualidade do serviço, o valor logístico e a satisfação nas empresas do setor marítimo. Propõe-se um modelo teórico que contrasta-se com as informações fornecidas por uma amostra de 50 gerentes de empresas (transitários, importadores e exportadores) no Panamá. A informação é analisada por meio de estimação em regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais, o que permite confirmar a natureza multidimensional da sustentabilidade e do valor logístico. Os resultados também confirmam que as percepções dos clientes sobre as iniciativas dos seus fornecedores, com base nesta abordagem, têm a capacidade de conduzir a sua satisfação pela qualidade e valor; isso demonstra os benefícios de realizar tais iniciativas e, com isso, seu alcance global.

Abstract: The Argentine economy after 1930 has been the object of an extensive and rich historiographical production. We refer to it to configure the historical period and articulate it with the national industrial fishing development. The objective of the present work is to analyze the transformations that the fishing industry suffered in Argentina through three moments of the industrial process directed by the State. The first was of improvisations forced by the depression that followed the crisis of the years 1930. The second one, which began with the World War II, had a politics of State towards the home market, but it was crossed by an international unexpected demand of a species, the shark, and his components of vitamins and the arrival to the country of Belgian immigrants with new technologies for the fishing open sea. In the third, this form of fishing began to become hegemonic linked to a species, hake and essentially to the foreign market. In all cases, the port of Mar del Plata was, in the southeast of the province of Buenos Aires, the main concentrator of the extractive Argentine fishing activity and its processing for commercialization.

Resumen: La economía argentina posterior a 1930 ha sido objeto de una extensa y rica producción historiográfica. A ella nos remitimos para configurar el período histórico y articularlo con el desarrollo industrial pesquero nacional. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las transformaciones que sufrió la industria pesquera argentina a través de tres momentos del proceso de industrialización dirigida por el Estado. La primera fue de improvisaciones obligadas por la depresión que siguió a la crisis de los años treinta. La segunda, que se inició con la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tuvo como componente una política de Estado hacia el mercado interior, caracterizada por una demanda internacional inesperada de una especie, el tiburón, y sus componentes vitamínicos, más la llegada al país de inmigrantes belgas con nuevas tecnologías para la pesca de ultramar. En la tercera, esta forma de pesca comenzó a hacerse hegemónica vinculada a una especie, la merluza, y esencialmente al mercado exterior. En todos los casos el puerto de Mar del Plata fue, en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, el vértice concentrador mayoritario de la actividad pesquera argentina extractiva y de su procesamiento para la comercialización.

Resumen La trasferencia de custodia de petróleo y productos de petróleo se hace cada vez más estricta, exigiendo que los intervalos permisibles entre los errores máximos y mínimos sean más pequeños, por tal motivo se presenta un análisis en función al parámetro crítico de determinación de cantidades que representa el transporte marítimo de hidrocarburos. Este parámetro es el factor de experiencia de los buques (VEF), se realizan las ecuaciones correspondientes para cada operación dentro de esta industria, sea: embarque, descarga o alijes, las mismas que están referidas y deducidas bajo los parámetros de la norma, tanto nacional como internacional, dando un aporte a la industria para establecer dichas ecuaciones dentro de los cálculos de tolerancia permisible que se puede dar en una transferencia de custodia de petróleo y derivados, lo cual nos permite optimizar y establecer una ecuación estándar para cada operación. Además, el cálculo del factor de experiencia de buque no solo sea para hallar el volumen real trasferido, sino, que sirva para estimar la trasferencia final para cada operación.

Abstract The oil crude and petroleum products transfer are every time stricter, requiring that the allowable intervals between maximum and minimum errors be smaller, for this reason, it is present an analysis based on the quantity’s determination critical parameter. This is the Vessel Experience Factor, in this article be perform the corresponding equation to every operation inside this industry. It is: load, discharge and alije. This equations are deduced under the current norms parameters, both national (INEN) and international (API), giving a contribution to this industry to establish these equations within the allowable tolerance calculations that can occur in an oil crude and petroleum products transfer maritime, which allows us to optimize and establish a standard equation for each operation. Also, the vessel experience factor not only serves to find the real volume transferred, but, that it serves to estimate the final transfer for each operation.

This article presents the most outstanding characteristics of the extensive work of the first citizen of Mar del Plata graduated as an architect, Alberto Córsico Piccolini, and his relationship with the opportunities and the productive and cultural demands of the city where he developed his career. From an Italian family, related to the construction industry, he studied in the reformist University of Cordoba. Back in his hometown, he had an intense professional performance that responded to the requests of a maritime city of national scale, under a process of vertiginous transformation, between the fourth and eighth decade of the 20th Century. He is locally recognized as one of the pioneers of modern architecture and, at the same time, as one of the main protagonists of the local architectural drift that resulted in the so-called "Mar del Plata´s chalet style".

Este artículo presenta los rasgos más sobresalientes de la extensa obra del primer arquitecto marplatense, Alberto Córsico Piccolini, y su relación con las oportunidades y demandas productivas y culturales de la ciudad en la que se inscribió. Descendiente de italianos relacionados con la industria de la construcción, se graduó en la entonces reformista universidad cordobesa. De regreso a su ciudad natal tuvo una intensa actuación profesional que dio respuesta a las solicitudes de una ciudad marítima de referencia nacional, en proceso de vertiginosa transformación, entre la cuarta y la octava década del siglo XX. Es reconocido localmente como uno de los pioneros de la arquitectura moderna y, a la vez, como uno de los principales protagonistas de la deriva arquitectónica local, que redundó en el denominado "chalet estilo Mar del Plata".

ABSTRACT Providing tools that facilitate the training of specialized personnel, strategic planning and efficient prediction in the maritime industry represents enormous advantages by substantially reducing the use of physical prototypes. The development of a system with these characteristics imposes as a challenge the need to have a representation of the marine environment, because the movements of the boat are mainly induced by the swell, a complex natural phenomenon that changes continuously due to the speed of the water, the wind and other factors. This paper presents the DEPTHWAVE application developed with the free software distribution of the OGRE3D graphic engine, and based on the implementation of a mathematical method supported by the Pierson Moskowitz directional spectrum with the objective of generating and realistically visualizing the surface of the sea.

RESUMEN Ofrecer herramientas que faciliten la capacitación del personal especializado, la planificación estratégica y la predicción eficiente en la industria marítima representa enormes ventajas al reducir sustancialmente la utilización de prototipos físicos. El desarrollo de un sistema con estas características impone como desafío la necesidad de contar con una representación del entorno marino, debido a que los movimientos de la embarcación son inducidos mayormente por el oleaje, fenómeno natural complejo, que cambia continuamente a causa de la velocidad del viento y otros factores. En el presente trabajo se presenta la aplicación DEPTHWAVE desarrollada con la distribución de software libre del motor gráfico OGRE3D, y basada en la implementación de un método matemático fundamentado en el espectro direccional Pierson Moskowitz con el objetivo de generar y visualizar de forma realista la superficie del mar.

Resumo Moçambique tem um dos litorais mais extensos da África. Para historiadores, os exemplos mais óbvios das conexões que ligam Moçambique ao oceano Índico são a exportação de ouro, marfim e escravos, nem como a importação de têxteis indianos. Sem minimizar a importância dessas conexões, este artigo chama a atenção para diversos outros elementos que contribuíram e continuam a desempenhar um papel nas relações entre Moçambique e o oceano Índico. O artigo explora a cultura marítima dos habitantes da costa moçambicana, incluindo esforços contemporâneos para proteger o meio ambiente e desenvolver a indústria da pesca, destacando aspectos mais mundanos do comércio entre Moçambique e seus parceiros comerciais através do Canal de Moçambique. Finalmente, discutem-se as conexões humanas emaranhadas em todas essas redes econômicas.

Abstract Mozambique’s coastline is one of the longest in Africa. For historians, the most obvious examples of the connections linking Mozambique to the Indian Ocean are the export of gold, ivory and slaves, and the import of Indian textiles. Without minimizing the importance of these linkages, this article draws attention to several other elements that have contributed and continue to play a role in the relationship between Mozambique and the Indian Ocean. The article explores the maritime culture of the inhabitants of coastal Mozambique, including contemporary efforts to protect the environment and develop the fishing industry, also highlighting more mundane aspects of trade between Mozambique and its trading partners across the Mozambique Channel. Finally, we discuss the human connections that were enmeshed in all of these economic networks.

Résumé Cet article présente le rôle des acteurs non étatiques dans la crise des migrations maritimes en Europe. À cette fin, il est tenu compte des obligations des acteurs non étatiques découlant des instruments relatifs aux droits de l’homme et du droit international des réfugiés. On soutient que peu d’attention a été accordée à l’industrie maritime et aux navires commerciaux en tant que détenteurs de responsabilités en matière de droits de l’homme et donc cette analyse est nécessaire. Le document étudie divers instruments internationaux dans la perspective du droit maritime international, des droits de l’homme et du droit international des réfugiés. On conclut que s’attaquer au problème de la migration maritime peut impliquer l’examen d’une modification nécessaire de divers traités internationaux. Il est en outre soutenu qu’il est nécessaire d’étudier la migration maritime comme un phénomène complexe qui a des implications non seulement pour le droit international en matière de droits de l’homme et de droit des réfugiés mais aussi pour l’industrie maritime.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to present the role which non-state actors have played in the maritime migration crisis in Europe. Therefore, theoretical considerations regarding non-state actors’ obligations derived from human rights regulations and refugee law, in terms of maritime migration, have been conducted. The author points out that, in the current situation very little attention has been devoted to the shipping industry and commercial vessels as holders of human rights responsibilities and hence such analysis is necessary. The author analyzes international legal acts from the scope of international maritime law, human rights law and refugee law. In conclusion, it is summarized that addressing the issue of maritime migration would require amending many international legal treaties. Additionally, it is indicated that it is necessary to study migration as a complex phenomenon which has not only implications in international law pertaining to human rights and refugee law, but also for the shipping industry.

Resumen Este artículo presenta el papel que juegan los actores no estatales en la crisis migratoria marítima en Europa. Para ello, se realizan consideraciones acerca de las obligaciones de actores no estatales derivadas de instrumentos de derechos humanos y el derecho internacional de los refugiados. Se aduce que se ha prestado poca atención a la industria marítima y a las embarcaciones comerciales como titulares de responsabilidades en derechos humanos y, por lo tanto, ese análisis es necesario. El trabajo analiza diversos instrumentos internacionales desde la perspectiva del derecho internacional marítimo, de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional de los refugiados. Se concluye que enfrentar el problema de la migración marítima puede implicar considerar una necesaria enmienda de diversos tratados internacionales. Adicionalmente, se sostiene que es necesario estudiar la migración marítima como un fenómeno complejo que no tiene sólo implicaciones respecto al derecho internacional en lo concerniente a los derechos humanos y al derecho de los refugiados, sino también respecto a la industria marítima.

En la última década la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI) ha puesto de relieve el efecto negativo para la salud humana de la exposición al amianto. El proceso ha culminado con la modificación de los reglamentos pertinentes del Convenio SOLAS. Los cambios que entraron en vigor el 1 de enero de 2011 han prohibido la instalación de materiales que contengan asbesto en los buques. En este artículo se presta atención a la evolución de las regulaciones internacionales relacionadas con este. A bordo también se consideran la participación de las partes implicadas (armadores, astilleros, etc…) en el cumplimiento de estas normas, así como la presencia y el tratamiento de estos materiales.

Over the last decade the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has highlighted the negative effect for human health of exposure to asbestos. The process they undertook has culminated in the amendment of the relevant SOLAS regulations. Changes came into force on January 1st, 2011; in these changes the new installation of asbestos containing materials (ACMs) on ships has been forbidden. This work analyses the evolution of the international regulations related to this change. The involvement of the implied parts (ship owners, shipyards, etc.) in the fulfillment of these standards, as well as the presence and treatment of these materials onboard are also considered.

Este trabalho apresenta metodologia para mapeamento da vulnerabilidade costeira à elevação do Nível Médio do Mar (NMM) em escala local, com estudo de caso na orla marítima da Ilha de Madre de Deus/BA. Essa orla marítima é densamente ocupada por bairros residenciais e instalações da indústria petrolífera. Para isso, foi criado um índice de vulnerabilidade costeira com a combinação de quatro variáveis geológicas (geomorfologia, declividade, elevação e taxa de erosão/acreção na face de praia), determinadas em levantamentos sazonais (verão e inverno) de perfis de praia georreferenciados e niveladas em relação ao NMM, e três variáveis de processos físicos costeiros (taxa de elevação do nível médio do mar, altura significativa de onda e amplitude de maré média). O mapa representou a variação da vulnerabilidade relativa ao longo de distintos setores da linha de costa possibilitando identificar a combinação mais crítica das variáveis, ou seja, áreas prioritárias às intervenções antrópicas para redução das vulnerabilidades por meio de estratégias de prevenção, mitigação e/ou adaptação socioeconômicas e ambientais aos impactos da elevação do NMM. Os resultados mostraram alto potencial na aplicação da metodologia em setores de beira-mar, cuja pequena extensão requer o mapeamento em escala de detalhe.

This paper presents methodology to coastal vulnerability mapping to Mean Sea Level (MSL) rise in local scale, with case study at waterfront of Madre de Deus Island, Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia, Brazil. This waterfront is densely occupied by residential quarters and oil industry facilities. For this, coastal vulnerability indexes were used based on combination of four geological variables (geomorphology, slope, elevation and erosion/accretion rate at beach face) obtained in seasonal surveys (summer and winter) of georeferenced and levelling beach profiles relative to MSL, and three variables of coastal physical processes (MSL rate of rise, significant wave height and mean average tidal range). The map represented the variation of relative vulnerability over distinct sectors along the coastline making it possible to identify the most critical combination of variables, i.e., i.e., anthropogenic interventions priority areas for reduction of vulnerabilities, through strategies for prevention, mitigation and/or socioeconomic and environmental adaptation to the impacts of MSL rise. The results showed high potential for application of the methodology in waterfront sectors whose small extension requires detail scale mapping.

Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, the North of Chile became a dynamic center of production and export of wine brandy called "pisco". The spirits market was intended to Potosi, both by sea and by land, by regular freight service offered by the carriers. Thus arose the path of brandy, which helped to establish close economic, social and cultural links between the cities, towns and rural areas of current Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. So the basis for the development of the Appellation of Origin Pisco bounded burst in 1931.

Entre los siglos XVII y XIX el Norte Chico de Chile se convirtió en un dinámico polo de producción y exportación de aguardientes. El aguardiente se destinaba al mercado de Potosí, tanto por vía marítima como por vía terrestre, gracias al servicio regular de transporte de carga que ofrecían los arrieros. Surgió así la ruta del aguardiente, que contribuyó a establecer estrechos lazos económicos, sociales y culturales entre las ciudades, villas y localidades rurales de las actuales Chile, Argentina y Bolivia. Así se echaron las bases para el desarrollo de la Denominación de Origen Pisco, delimitada en 1931.

Esta pesquisa analisa a competitividade da indústria marítima brasileira focada nos segmentos da construção naval, reparo naval, construção de plataforma/FPSO e construção náutica, turismo, lazer e recreação. O estudo buscou definir os fatores críticos de sucesso da indústria marítima brasileira e fazer a associação com suas respectivas dimensões. Utilizaram-se, como parâmetros, os modelos de dimensões propostos por Slack (1993), Bolwijn e Kumpe (1990). Foram realizadas pesquisas em campo nos 31 estaleiros brasileiros e buscou-se associar os fatores críticos de sucesso com as dimensões definidas na literatura e analisar o estágio de competitividade da indústria marítima brasileira. Dentre as principais conclusões avalia-se que existam nichos específicos que podem tornar o Brasil competitivo e promover o crescimento da indústria marítima doméstica.

This study examines the competitiveness of the Brazilian maritime industry segment focused on shipbuilding, ship repair, construction of platform / FPSO construction and boating, tourism, leisure and recreation. The study tries to define the critical factors of success in Brazil's maritime industry and draws associations among their respective dimensions. The Models of dimensions proposed by Slack (1993), and Bolwijn and Kumpe (1990) were used as parameters. Field surveys were performed in thirty-one Brazilian shipyards searching for associations among the critical factors of success with the dimensions defined in the literature and the stage of competitiveness of the Brazilian maritime industry was analyzed. Among the main conclusions is the fact that there are particular niches that make Brazil competitive and promote the domestic shipping industry's growth.

Na indústria de exploração e produção de petróleo, principalmente no setor offshore, os plásticos reforçados por fibras de vidro (PRFV) têm apresentado grande destaque. Isso se deve à intrínseca capacidade destes de resistir à corrosão em ambientes salinos, bem como serem materiais que apresentam elevada resistência mecânica específica. O presente trabalho buscou caracterizar tubo e adesivo utilizados em plataformas marítimas. Para tanto, as técnicas utilizadas foram: espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), análise termodinâmico-mecânica (DMTA) e temperatura de amolecimento de Vicat. Amostras do tubo de PRFV e dos componentes do adesivo (denominados de A e B) foram estudadas individualmente. Além disso, foram confeccionadas misturas, em massa, nas seguintes proporções: 40%A-60%B, 50%A-50%B e 60%A-40%B. Foi possível determinar a composição e a estrutura química dos materiais, além do comportamento mecânico à degradação térmica. Foi verificado que adesivo e tubo apresentaram desempenho satisfatório à temperatura ambiente quanto à degradação e à rigidez. Por outro lado, quando submetido ao calor, principalmente os adesivos, apresentaram queda brusca de desempenho.

Glassfiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) have been applied in the offshore industry owing to their high resistance to corrosion and high specific mechanical strength. The present work aimed at characterizing pipes and adhesives used in offshore platforms in order to evaluate the thermo-mechanical performance of these materials. The techniques used were: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and Vicat softening temperature. Specimens of GFRP pipe and adhesive components (referred to as A and B) were evaluated individually. The adhesive samples were made in the following ratios (% weight): 40%A-60%B, 50%A-50%B and 60%A-40%B. The results showed it to be possible to determinate the composition and structure of the materials, as well as the mechanical behavior regarding thermal degradation. The adhesive and pipe exhibited satisfactory performance at room temperature, with regard to degradation and stiffness. Nevertheless, at higher temperatures, both materials, especially the adhesives, presented abrupt strength reduction.

Commercial maritime fishing in Argentina was born in Mar del Plata, at the end of the XIX century; it was driven by the gastronomic demand to the tourists. Despite this initial impulse, half a century after and with the fishing of the vitamin shark, the development of this extractive industry began. The encouragement prompted by the exportation of vitamin complex during World War II was expressed by the increase of the number of fishermen, in the conformation of a numerous fleets, which were modern and powerful, in the incorporation of new fishing terminals, en the discovery of cauldrons of different species, in the improvement of the arts and in the methods of fishing, in the impulse to the conservative industry and in the beginnings of the search of the international market for the fishing derivative. The transformation of Argentina from "country with fish" to "fishing country" had a decisive chapter in the favourable demand, generated by the war.

La pesca comercial marítima en Argentina nació en Mar del Plata, a finales del siglo XIX, impulsada por la demanda gastronómica de turistas. A pesar del impulso inicial, fue medio siglo después y con la pesca del tiburón vitamínico que se produjo el desarrollo de esta industria extractiva. El estímulo provocado por la exportación de complejos vitamínicos durante la II Guerra Mundial se expresó, entre otras cosas, en el incremento del número de pescadores, en la conformación de una flota más numerosa, moderna y potente, en la incorporación de nuevas terminales pesqueras, en el descubrimiento de caladeros de diferentes especies, en el mejoramiento de las artes y métodos de pesca, en el impulso a la industria conservera y en los inicios de la búsqueda del mercado internacional para los derivados de la pesca. La transformación de Argentina de "país con pesca" a "país pesquero" tuvo en la coyuntural demanda generada por la guerra un capítulo decisivo.